Low back pain (lumbar spine) is one of the world’s leading cause of disability, and it is estimated that approximately 80% of people will experience low back pain at least once in their lifetime. Furthermore, it is estimated that low back pain costs the Canadian healthcare system between $6 and $12 billion per year, and that does not take into account the additional costs associated with losses in worker productivity.
Poor posture, incorrect lifting biomechanics, and home and workplace-related
activities can all contribute to the development of low back pain.
Given the complexity of the musculoskeletal system, low back pain is multifactorial.
It can arise from the joints (bones, discs), soft tissue (fascia, muscles, tendons,
ligaments) and nerves. It can be localized, or it can include pain into the buttocks and legs.Some common causes of low back pain include:
1. Muscle strains
2. Ligament sprains
3. Facet joint dysfunction
4. Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
5. Disc herniation
6. Degenerative disc diseases
7. Degenerative joint disease
8. Lumbar spinal stenosis
9. Spondylolisthesis
10. Ankylosing spondylitis
Depending on the diagnosis, different treatment options are available. Spinal
Manipulative Therapy has shown to be effective in the treatment of low back, in
conjunction with a specialized rehabilitative exercise program.

Like low back pain, neck pain (cervical spine) is also one of the leading causes of
disability worldwide. This pain and disability can take a substantial toll on individuals and their families, and come at a great economic cost in the workplace and on the healthcare system. Neck pain can arise from the joints (bones, discs), soft tissue(fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments) and nerves. The pain can be localized, or it can refer into the shoulders and arms into the hands and fingers. Poor posture is a leading contributor to neck pain. Bending the head/neck forward to look at a smartphone or tablet, or sitting for many hours a day in front of a computer screen with poor ergonomics, are both contributing factors to developing neck pain.
Some common causes of neck pain include:
1. Muscle strains
2. Ligament sprains
3. Facet joint dysfunction
4. Disc herniation
5. Degenerative disc disease
6. Degenerative joint disease
Treatment plans depend on the nature and severity of the neck pain.

Middle back pain (thoracic spine) is a condition commonly caused by poor posture.
This area of the spine is where the ribs connect, and this can also be a cause of dysfunction.
Some common causes of middle back pain include:
1. Muscle strains
2. Ligament strains
3. Facet joint dysfunction
4. Costochondritis
5. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
6. Disc herniation
7. Degenerative disc disease
8. Degenerative joint disease
9. Compression fractures
Like low back pain and neck pain, treatment plans depend on the nature and
severity of the middle back pain.

Shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand conditions can all benefit from manual therapy and rehabilitation. Some common conditions treated include:
● Shoulder : rotator cuff strains, impingement syndrome, AC joint sprain, frozen
shoulder, glenohumeral instability, glenohumeral arthritis, scapular
dyskinesis
● Elbow : golfer’s elbow, tennis elbow, olecranon bursitis, cubital tunnel
syndrome
● Wrist/Hand : wrist sprain, carpal tunnel syndrome, gamekeeper's thumb, De
Quervain’s Tenosynovitis

Hip, knee, ankle and foot conditions can all benefit from manual therapy and
rehabilitation. Some common conditions treated include:
● Hip/Thigh : piriformis syndrome, groin strain, hamstring strain, hip bursitis,
hip arthritis
● Knee : ligament sprains (ACL/MCL/LCL/PCL), meniscus tear, jumper’s knee, ITB
tendinopathy, chondromalacia patella, patellofemoral pain syndrome, knee
bursitis, knee arthritis
● Ankle/Foot : ankle sprains, shin splints, gastroc strain, achilles tendinopathy,
metatarsalgia, plantar fasciitis, pes planus, pes cavus